Acknowledgments                                    ix
Introduction                                       1  (10)
      Political Violence in Historiographical
      Perspective
      Violence, Violence Specialists, and
      Politics
      Violence and Democracy
      Approaches to Comparative History
    Patriots and Gamblers: Violence and the        11 (31)
    Formation of the Meiji State
      Shishi: Assassins, Rebels, Patriots
      Shishi Legacies in the Early Meiji Period
      Bakuto: Outlaws, Robin Hoods, Local
      Leaders
      Bakuto and the Meiji Restoration
      Bakuto as Political Violence Specialists:
      The Freedom and People's Rights Movement
    Violent Democracy: Ruffians and the Birth      42 (32)
    of Parliamentary Politics
      From Activist to Ruffian: Soshi in the
      1880s
      Exporting Violence: Nationalist Tairiku
      Ronin across Borders
      Parliamentary Politics and the
      Professionalization of Soshi
      State Violence and the Second General
      Election
    Institutionalized Ruffianism and a Culture     74 (34)
    of Political Violence
      The Jiyuto Ingaidan and Its Bosses
      The Seiyukai Ingaidan in Party Politics
      Cultures of Violence: Yakuza Bosses in
      Diet Politics
    Fascist Violence: Ideology and Power in        108(31)
    Prewar Japan
      Fascist Ideologies
      Fascist Violence
      The Nationalist Nexus in the Metropole
      and Beyond
      Violence in the Decline of the Political
      Parties
    Democracy Reconstructed: Violence              139(36)
    Specialists in the Postwar Period
      The Decline of Soshi and the Remaking of
      Ingaidan Violence
      Violence as a Political and Discursive
      Weapon in Diet Politics
      ''Boryokudan'' Redux: Yakuza and the
      Conservative Nexus
      1960: The Apogee of Postwar Violence
      Specialists
      Coda: Political Violence after 1960
  Afterword                                        175(8)
      Violence and Democracy
      Violence, Fascism, Militarism
      Violence Specialists and History
      A Contemporary Perspective on Violent
      Democracy
Glossary                                           183(2)
Notes                                              185(46)
Bibliography                                       231(20)
Index                                              251